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The Journal of World Energy Law & Business 2009 2(3):196-218; doi:10.1093/jwelb/jwp013
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the AIPN. All rights reserved.

Energy trade, carbon emissions and the WTO

Lawrence L. Herman*

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   1. Introduction
 
The rules in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the ‘GATT’) and the World Trade Organization Agreement provide the underpinnings to the global trading system. Without those rules, the ordered processes of international commerce, including trade in energy goods and services, would be at risk. In the context of efforts aimed at reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs), including measures implementing the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol1 and the recently concluded Bali Action Plan,2 questions arise as to the application of these GATT/WTO rules and disciplines to national climate-change action plans.

The GATT/WTO trade law dimension is increasingly pertinent as proposals percolate to the surface involving use of border taxes or adjustments of one sort or another to deal with GHG reductions, including climate-change bills introduced in the US Congress. As of May 2009, the ‘American Clean Energy and Security Act 2009’ (otherwise known as . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   2. Climate change, energy and the WTO
 

   3. Doha development agenda
 

   4. Kyoto Protocol and rules of international trade
 

   5. Bound tariffs
 

   6. Non-discrimination (MFN) and national treatment
 

   7. Quantitative and other import restrictions
 

   8. BTAs on imported goods
 

   9. ‘Like’ goods in the context of carbon taxes and other GHG measures
 

   10. Exceptions to GATT requirements
 

   11. Emission credits and the WTO agreement
 

   12. Intensity standards and the WTO agreement
 

   13. Subsidies in relation to carbon credits
 

   14. Market access for carbon credits
 

   15. Conclusions
 

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